Millions of people use cannabis as a medicine. That\u2019s not based on clinical evidence, nor do we know which of the hundreds of compounds in the plant is responsible for its supposed effects. Elizabeth Finkel reports. <\/p>\n
LAST YEAR DEDI MEIRI, A CANNABIS RESEARCHER AT THE TECHNION, ISRAEL\u2019S OLDEST UNIVERSITY, RECEIVED A \u201cBEFORE AND AFTER\u201d VIDEO OF AN AUTISTIC BOY. <\/p>\n
The before showed the boy helmeted, hands tied behind his back, butting his head against a wall. The after showed him calmly sitting at a table, sketching. The difference: two drops of cannabis oil administered below the tongue. The video had been sent to Meiri by Abigail Dar, an Israeli champion for the use of cannabis in children with autism. <\/p>\n
Early this year it was a different story. Over the course of a day, Meiri\u2019s lab received a stream of phone calls from Dar: a few autistic children had gone berserk after receiving their two drops of oil. <\/p>\n
Meiri, who is primarily a cancer researcher, received the video and the calls because he has, reluctantly, become one of Israel\u2019s cannabis experts. \u201cEven now I am reluctant to tell people I work on medical cannabis,\u201d he says. \u201cI am not pro-cannabis; I think 90% is placebo.\u201d <\/p>\n
But Israel is in the grip of a vast medical experiment. Cannabis has taken hold here to treat a startling range of medical conditions. Not just familiar things like anorexia and pain in cancer patients but autism, Crohn\u2019s disease, Tourette\u2019s syndrome, epileptic seizures, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, diabetes and more. With close to 30,000 users in a population of eight million, Meiri says \u201ceveryone knows someone who is being treated with cannabis\u201d. While there is a semblance of orderly medicine, with doctors prescribing cannabis oil from eight registered growers, no one can say just what, exactly, is responsible for the apparent responses. <\/p>\n
A cannabis plant is a pot-pourri of more than 500 chemicals whose abundance varies greatly across different genetic strains and according to growth conditions \u2013 they\u2019re not cultivars so much as chemovars. The medicinal effect may depend on tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the chemical that gives you the high, or cannabidiol (CBD), which is thought to reduce inflammation and pain, or a hundred other \u201ccannabinoids\u201d unique to the plant with their own medicinal profile. <\/p>\n
Bottom line: with dozens of varieties grown under different conditions, Israeli patients are receiving quite different medicinal concoctions. <\/p>\n
Israel\u2019s predicament is tame by comparison to the United States. Here it is the Wild West. Federal sheriffs outlaw medical research on the plant while cannabis cowboys peddle chemovars (varying in their content of THC and CBD) for cures and profit. In the 29 US states that have legalised medical cannabis, dispensaries that resemble something out of a Harry Potter tale sell candies, cookies, oils, ointments and joints to an estimated 2.3 million Americans. As to their exact medical benefits and risks, no one knows. This is medieval medicine \u2013 akin to boiling willow bark to treat headache. It is also great business \u2013 the North American market for legal cannabis products grew 30% in 2016, with sales topping $US6.7 billion.<\/p>\n
Israel\u2019s medical cannabis mess is a lot easier to deal with. To help address it, Meiri\u2019s laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research is conducting a reverse clinical trial. While patients using medical cannabis fill in a monthly questionnaire, the ranks of analytical machines bursting out of Meiri\u2019s lab create chemical fingerprints of the cannabis extracts patients are using. The idea is to try to link individual cannabis compounds to the patient response. <\/p>\n
It is an approach that\u2019s \u201ctwo or three rungs down\u201d from the ideal of randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs), says Donald Abrams, an oncologist at the University of California, San Francisco, who prescribes cannabis as a palliative for patients with cancer. \u201cBut, if well done and there\u2019s a strong effect, observational studies like these are invaluable.\u201d <\/p>\n
Israel is also one of the few places in the world pushing forward with gold-standard RCTs. But given that dozens of cannabis strains are already being used for a ballooning number of conditions, RCTs seem like a finger in the dyke. <\/p>\n
Countries like Australia, where the federal government legalised medical cannabis in October 2016, are entering this brave new world with trepidation. \u201cBecause there has been no proper research, we\u2019re now at a difficult crossroads,\u201d says University of Melbourne pharmacologist James Angus, who chairs the federal government\u2019s advisory council on the medical use of cannabis. \u201cOur health workforce has no guidelines or experience in prescribing, and patients are demanding it. We\u2019ve run out of time.\u201d <\/p>\n
The Promised Land may well be the world\u2019s best bet for deliverance from the medical cannabis mess. <\/p>\n
Anecdotes on the medical use of cannabis go back to mythical Chinese emperor Shen Neng in 2700 BCE. More piquant references can be found in ancient Roman, Greek and Indian texts. Or just google. <\/p>\n
Thousands of years on from Shen Neng, it seems we still don\u2019t have a great deal more than anecdotes to go on. As a report from the US National Academies of Science in January 2017 states: \u201cDespite increased cannabis use and a changing state-level policy landscape, conclusive evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects \u2013 both harms and benefits \u2013 of cannabis use remains elusive.\u201d <\/p>\n
While the medical uses of the opium poppy, a vastly more dangerous plant, are well understood, cannabis has remained stuck in a no man\u2019s land. It had been part of the US pharmacopeia till the 1930s, as an alcohol-based tincture, until the federal government effectively outlawed its possession and sale through the Marijuana Tax Act. More draconian penalties followed. It is still demonised by federal law as a \u2018Schedule 1\u2019 drug with no medical use, lumped in the same category as heroin, LSD and ecstasy. Yet as a quick online search will show, the plant is lauded for a seemingly inexhaustible list of curative properties. <\/p>\n
In the past two decades the disparity between evidence and anecdotes has grown extreme. Despite a majority of states (beginning with California in 1996) having legalised cannabis to treat medical conditions, federal restrictions on research remained ironclad. So researchers have great difficulty studying whether such medical uses have any basis in science. \u201cWhat we have is a perfect storm,\u201d says Daniele Piomelli, a neurobiologist at the University of California, Irvine. <\/p>\n
Piomelli has been researching cannabis as best as he can. To comply with the mandates of the federal Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), his precious store of 50 milligrams of THC must be kept in a locked safe, in a locked cool room, in a locked lab. \u201cAny person on the street can go to a dispensary and for $10 obtain cannabis,\u201d he says. \u201cBut if we bring it into the university we risk being raided by the FBI and DEA. We live in a schizophrenic state.\u201d <\/p>\n
Even when researchers have gained permission to do research, the cannabis can only be supplied by one authorised lab, at the University of Mississippi. The lab has been growing the same variety for decades, one that bears little resemblance to the chemovars now available through dispensaries. <\/p>\n
In San Francisco, Abrams tried valiantly in the 1990s to set up a clinical trial to test the claims of dying AIDS patients that smoking weed outperformed their anti-nausea drugs. After more than a year trying to get permission from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the penny finally dropped; the agency, as he often tells journalists, sees itself as the National Institute \u201con\u201d Drug Abuse, not \u201cfor\u201d Drug Abuse. So the January report of the National Academies of Science was hardly a surprise. The document, based on reviewing 10,000 publications, found \u201cmodest\u201d evidence for the effectiveness of cannabis to treat nausea and vomiting in adults undergoing chemotherapy, for chronic pain, and to alleviate spasms in multiple sclerosis. It did not, however, deliver a verdict for a long list of illnesses including epilepsy, inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson\u2019s Disease, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, insomnia and cancer. \u201cFor these conditions, the report states, \u201cthere is inadequate information to assess their effects.\u201d <\/p>\n
But bits of information are trickling through. In May, a report in the New England Journal of Medicine offered evidence that an oily, strawberry-flavoured formulation of pure cannabidiol (made by British company GW Pharmaceuticals) could reduce the severity of seizures in children with a rare form of epilepsy known as Dravet\u2019s syndrome. Of the 120 youngsters recruited, 60 received cannabidiol and 60 received only a strawberry-flavoured oil, the placebo. Three of the treated group achieved complete remission from their seizures while in 40% of those treated, the frequency of seizures was reduced by half. But 27% of the placebo group also saw a halving in their seizure rate and there were significant side effects amongst the treated group. \u201cIt\u2019s not a magical drug\u201d, explains Ingrid Scheffer, a paediatric neurologist at the University of Melbourne and co-author of the study. But she points out the sometimes exasperated parents of her patients have a different view. \u201cThe attitude is, \u2018it\u2019s obvious you fuddy duddy, just give it to us\u2019.\u201d <\/p>\n
Most of the 400 pages in the hefty NAS tome report on the adverse effects of cannabis, like a raised risk of schizophrenia or road accidents or chronic cough. This, says Piomelli, reflects what researchers obtained funding for: \u201cThere is a bias towards the null hypothesis \u2013 that cannabis causes harm.\u201d Those harms exist, he agrees. \u201cBut society is asking for answers about its benefits, and that\u2019s not a question that researchers have been able to answer.\u201d <\/p>\n
Israel staked its claim in the field of cannabis research back in the 1960s. It was the beginning of the pot-smoking hippy revolution. But no one actually knew what the psychoactive ingredient of pot was. <\/p>\n
Raphael Mechoulam, a chemist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, saw an opportunity. In 1964 he was the first to link pot\u2019s mind-altering effects to THC. His research flourished in a regulated but permissive environment: his chief source of cannabis was the local police station. His group also isolated the natural equivalents of cannabis made by the brain, using pigs (with great difficulty, given the researchers were in Jerusalem). In 1992 they identified anandamide, the so-called bliss molecule, and in 1995 its more prosaically named partner, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol or 2 AG. These brain-made counterparts of THC are known as endocannabinoids. <\/p>\n
Meanwhile the Israeli public began to clamour for medical cannabis. Just as in San Francisco, the AIDS epidemic had put medical cannabis on the radar. Mirroring the experience of Donald Abrams, immunologist Zvi Bentwich also witnessed the anti-nausea and pain-relieving effects that smoking cannabis had on his AIDS patients. While anti-retroviral drugs would mercifully bring the raging AIDS epidemic in both countries under control, the clamour for the palliative use of cannabis by cancer patients grew, aided by the internet. <\/p>\n
Israel\u2019s government obliged but with strict regulation. Patients, supported by a letter from a physician, could obtain a medical cannabis permit from the ministry of health. Growers needed a licence. One of the first companies to gain one, in 2007, was Tikun Olam. As patient numbers grew, it began to collect information about their responses. In 2015 Bentwich, who also heads the Centre for Emerging Tropical Diseases and AIDS at Ben Gurion University, joined Tikun Olam to lead a formal clinical trials program. \u201cIf the medical community is to accept cannabis, that depends on carrying out large reliable clinical trials,\u201d he says. \u201cIn the US, as well as in most European countries, that is still extremely difficult.\u201d <\/p>\n
So far Israel is leading the pack. It is the only country, for instance, to have published the results of a randomised double blind study on the use of cannabis by Crohn\u2019s disease patients. Timna Naftali, a gastroenterologist at Meir Medical Centre, carried out the trial after discovering several patients were self-medicating with cannabis. \u201cThey had reduced their medication and not suffered flare ups,\u201d she says. \u201cIt was very intriguing.\u201d <\/p>\n
In her trial, 21 patients were assigned randomly to a group that smoked THC-rich cannabis cigarettes twice a day for eight weeks or to a group that smoked cannabis free of THC and other cannabinoids. The results, published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, showed that in 10 of 11 patients with Crohn\u2019s disease who smoked the THC-rich cigarettes, there were \u201csignificant clinical benefits\u201d. One criticism was that perhaps patients merely felt better due to the euphoric effects of cannabis, so Naftali is repeating the trial, leaving it to an endoscopist to decide. This time 50 patients are receiving an oil, containing a 4:1 ratio of cannabidiol to THC. \u201cAs a doctor, I\u2019m not happy about telling patients to smoke,\u201d Naftali says. Another trial that tested a pure extract of cannabidiol was ineffective. \u201cPerhaps it was the low dose,\u201d Naftali muses. \u201cThere\u2019s also a claim you have to have it in combination.\u201d Perhaps it is a case of what Mechoulam has dubbed the \u201centourage effect\u201d \u2013 the consequence of a mysterious biological synergy between cannabis compounds. <\/p>\n
Another world-first trial under way in Israel is testing the effects of cannabis on youngsters with autism. Given cannabis can trigger psychotic behaviour, it is surprising to think it would be a candidate for a condition where psychotic behaviour is often part of the problem. But a third of autistic children also suffer from seizures. <\/p>\n
When paediatric neurologist Adi Aran, at Jerusalem\u2019s Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, prescribed cannabis for the seizures of autistic children, their parents reported dramatic results. Children who never spoke began speaking, and writing for the first time. To verify these anecdotal results, he is running a trial on 120 youngsters, aged 5 to 21 years. Some receive whole cannabis oil containing, amongst other things, a 20:1 ratio of cannabidiol to THC; others receive a purified extract containing only cannabidiol and THC; a final group receive a placebo, an identically flavoured oil. All will undergo a \u2018washout\u2019 period, where they are gradually weaned off their oil. <\/p>\n
In principle, most doctors would like to see the results of numerous such trials before prescribing cannabis. However, parents like Abigail Dar disagree with this approach. \u201cA parent like me with a complicated child doesn\u2019t have the luxury of principles,\u201d she says. Her son, Yuval, now in his early twenties, is severely autistic, and was once so prone to violent outbreaks she could not be alone with him. \u201cYuval tried over a dozen anti-psychotic medications since he was 12 years old to treat symptoms <\/p>\n
like endless anxiety, restlessness, violent outbreaks or, as we call it, \u2018life in the shadow of hell\u2019. They only made him more agitated and aggressive.\u201d <\/p>\n
Dar managed to get a medical cannabis prescription for Yuval in 2015. Though autism did not count as one of Israel\u2019s qualifying conditions, the health ministry finally granted permission as a \u2018mercy treatment\u2019. \u201cIt was a life-changer from the very first day,\u201d according to Dar. \u201cHe hasn\u2019t exhibited a single self-injurious behaviour or outburst in the last 14 months. He is calmer, more attentive and communicative. He smiles more.\u201d<\/p>\n
Dar has carried out her own careful experimentation for what works for her son, using chemovars that vary in their CBD-to-THC ratio. As far as she is concerned, placing Yuval in a randomised, placebo-controlled, washout trial would be immoral. \u201cWith suffering kids you don\u2019t take it away,\u201d she says. \u201cI tell parents to stay away; it\u2019s not in favour of kids.\u201d <\/p>\n
Instead, through a collaboration with Meiri\u2019s lab, she is pushing to gather the data already being generated. \u201cWe have 200 kids and adults with severe autism we are guiding through strains and dosages to find out what works. We track them with questionnaires: we look at things like violent outbreaks, sleep and appetite. The idea eventually is to go global. It will give us some small amount of knowledge on how to treat autism.\u201d <\/p>\n
It\u2019s not just desperate cases like Dar that make cannabis a poor fit for the box of a RCT. Abrams sees no need for more trials when it comes to treating pain or nausea in patients with cancer. Nor is he alarmed by the range of products sold in dispensaries. \u201cI don\u2019t consider it to be that dangerous, compared to the pharmaceutical agents we already prescribe,\u201d he says. \u201cI have many patients that were weaned off opiates thanks to cannabis.\u201d He points out that in the US, 90 people die each day from overdoses of opiates, in many cases prescribed to treat chronic pain [LINK: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/epidemic\/index.html]. <\/p>\n
Mieri never imagined his CV would one day include heading a laboratory for cannabis research. In early 2015, after four years at the Ontario Cancer Institute, he was all set to return to cancer research. <\/p>\n
Then he noticed a curious publication from a Japanese research group that reported a cannabis extract blocked the ability of human breast cancer cells to spread in a culture dish. What pricked Meiri\u2019s interest was that the extracts appeared to be scrambling the cell\u2019s internal scaffolding \u2013 his particular area of expertise. <\/p>\n
Meiri repeated the experiment on different types of cancer cells. He found the cannabis extract was just as potent as some chemotherapy drugs. But it was another finding that really captured his interest: the effectiveness of the extract depended on the cannabis variety and the grower. <\/p>\n
As the son of a strawberry farmer, he understood exactly what he was seeing. \u201cStrawberries taste different in the morning and afternoon,\u201d he explains. He was seeing the effects of a cocktail of different chemicals. <\/p>\n
Which of these chemicals were responsible for the anti-cancer effect? To find out, Meiri bought a machine for high-performance liquid chromatography, a technique to separate and identify parts of a mixture. Soon he was a de facto guru. A grant from a philanthropist in 2016 marked a point of no return. <\/p>\n
\u2018The plural of anecdote is not data\u2019 is an oft-quoted medical aphorism. But anecdotes can\u2019t be ignored either. Meiri is acquiring quite a collection. On one occasion, he was contacted by the father of a seven-year-old whose seizures had returned after being free of them for nearly a year. The father, wanting to know why the oil had stopped working, sent samples to Meiri. When the scientist analysed them, he found they were just olive oil. \u201cIt was a data point,\u201d he says, \u201cshowing that the effects of cannabis extract were real.\u201d <\/p>\n
Then there was the disastrous day he learned that several autistic kids taking cannabis oil had gone berserk. \u201cTali, we have a situation,\u201d he recalls telling the head of the project. All the extracts the children were taking had the same 20:1 ratio of CBD to THC. But looking at the chemical profiles, it was clear the offending medication carried at least five different compounds. \u201cIt doesn\u2019t provide the answers,\u201d he says. \u201cIt shows where to begin searching.\u201d <\/p>\n
There is no simple way out of the cannabis mess. With much of the world clamouring to use cannabis as a cure for all manner of ailments, and an exploding cannabis industry that is happy to push that demand along, it is crucial to establish just how real its clinical benefits and harms are \u2013 especially for children. <\/p>\n
The medical establishment ideally needs randomised clinical trials, such as those Israel is admirably pushing ahead with. \u201cI would say the Israelis have taken the lead,\u201d Abrams says. <\/p>\n
But 30,000 users in Israel and millions in the US aren\u2019t waiting for such results. Some, like Abigail Dar, are too desperate. Others are wedded to their own trial-and-error experiments with different chemovars. <\/p>\n
Another complicating factor is that the diabolically complex chemistry of the cannabis plant is too overwhelming to sort out through individual RCTs. Researchers are still scratching at the surface of a potential treasure trove of medicines that appear to act synergistically. The list of conditions to try them against appears never-ending. The number of trials needed to test each combination against each condition seems mindboggling. <\/p>\n
The database collated by Meiri and his clinical collaborators is now being prepared for publication. It should help link the pot-pourri of chemicals inside cannabis to its clinical effects. It may be second-tier science, but it appears to be one of the best strategies for navigating a path out of the haze that still envelops medical cannabis. <\/p>\n
Conflict of interest statement. Elizabeth Finkel is a member of the scientific advisory board of AUSiMED, which raises funds to support scientific collaborations between Australia and Israel. <\/p>\n
Source: Cosmos 76 – Spring 2017 <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Millions of people use cannabis as a medicine. That\u2019s not based on clinical evidence, nor do we know which of the hundreds of compounds in the plant is responsible for its supposed effects. Elizabeth Finkel reports. LAST YEAR DEDI MEIRI, A CANNABIS RESEARCHER AT THE TECHNION, ISRAEL\u2019S OLDEST UNIVERSITY, RECEIVED A \u201cBEFORE AND AFTER\u201d VIDEO […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,60,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cannabis-marijuana","category-marijuana-and-medicine","category-others"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drugprevent.org.uk\/ppp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14170","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drugprevent.org.uk\/ppp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drugprevent.org.uk\/ppp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drugprevent.org.uk\/ppp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drugprevent.org.uk\/ppp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14170"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/drugprevent.org.uk\/ppp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14170\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drugprevent.org.uk\/ppp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14170"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drugprevent.org.uk\/ppp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14170"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drugprevent.org.uk\/ppp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14170"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}